Jackson Hole, Wyoming – At the Base of the Tetons
Nestled in the heart of west-central Wyoming, Jackson Hole is a breathtaking valley that draws millions of visitors annually. This captivating destination serves as a gateway to some of the most iconic natural wonders in the United States, including the majestic Grand Teton National Park, the geothermal wonderland of Yellowstone National Park, and the renowned Jackson Hole Mountain Resort and Grand Targhee ski areas. Its allure lies in its stunning landscapes, rich history, and a diverse array of recreational opportunities that cater to adventurers and nature enthusiasts alike.
The story of Jackson Hole is etched deep within its terrain, dating back millennia. Long before European settlers arrived, the valley served as a vital crossroads for Native American tribes. Archaeological evidence suggests that hunting parties from the northern Rocky Mountains traversed this land as early as 12,000 years ago, following the migratory patterns of game animals. The shores of Jackson Lake provided a temporary haven for these early inhabitants.
For countless generations, Jackson Hole functioned as a neutral ground, a place where various tribes could converge for trade and travel. The valley’s strategic location facilitated the movement of people and goods. One significant route traced the course of the Snake River, leading to its source in the Yellowstone region. Another crucial pathway traversed the formidable Teton Pass, situated at the southern end of the Teton Range, offering a shorter route to the Pacific Northwest.
The legacy of these indigenous peoples is preserved in numerous archaeological sites scattered throughout Jackson Hole. These sites yield invaluable insights into their way of life, revealing artifacts such as ancient cook pots and meticulously crafted obsidian tools. These remnants serve as silent witnesses to the valley’s enduring significance as a crossroads of cultures.
During these prehistoric times, no single tribe asserted exclusive ownership over Jackson Hole. Instead, the valley was utilized as a shared summer camp by a diverse array of Native American groups, including the Blackfeet, Crow, Gros Ventre, and Shoshone. The abundant resources of the valley, including its plentiful game and pristine waters, made it an ideal location for seasonal habitation.
The arrival of European explorers marked a significant turning point in the history of Jackson Hole. John Colter, a member of the famed Lewis and Clark Expedition, is recognized as the first white man to set foot in the valley. His exploration, which occurred as early as 1806, opened the door for further exploration and eventual settlement.
The name "Jackson Hole" itself is a testament to the early fur trappers who frequented the area. In approximately 1829, the valley was initially dubbed "Jackson’s Hole," a name derived from trapper David Jackson. The term "hole" was commonly used by these early pioneers to describe a high mountain valley, particularly one that was accessed by descending steep slopes from the north or east. This descent often gave the impression of entering a secluded "hole" in the landscape.
By 1845, the once-lucrative fur trade had begun to decline, leading to a period of relative isolation for the valley. White settlers largely abandoned the area until 1860, when geologist F.V. Hayden visited as part of the Raynolds Expedition. Hayden’s subsequent leadership of the first government-sponsored scientific survey of the Yellowstone area in the summer of 1871 further piqued interest in the region’s natural wonders.
Despite the passage of the Homestead Act in 1862, which encouraged westward expansion, permanent settlement in Jackson Hole was slow to materialize. It wasn’t until 1883 that John Holland, along with John and Millie Carns, established themselves as the first settlers in the valley. These pioneers coexisted alongside the Native American tribes who continued to utilize the area as a summer camp, fostering a unique blend of cultures. The late 19th century saw a steady influx of settlers, including a significant number of Mormon families.
As the population grew, several small villages began to emerge throughout Jackson Hole, each with its own distinct character. These settlements included Kelly, Wilson, Moose, Moran, and Jackson. The town of Jackson was officially laid out in 1897 and quickly became the commercial hub of the valley, boasting a bank and various stores clustered around the town square. Remarkably, some of these historic buildings still stand today, offering a glimpse into the past. Historic structures at Menor’s Ferry in Moose also remain as testaments to the valley’s heritage.
The harsh climate and short growing season presented significant challenges to the early homesteaders. Many were eventually compelled to sell their land, leading to the consolidation of properties into large ranches. As the cattle industry flourished, the elk population faced increasing competition for resources. In 1910, the federal government intervened by acquiring over 24,000 acres north of Jackson, establishing the National Elk Refuge to protect both the wildlife and the ranching lifestyle that had become synonymous with Jackson Hole.
The early 20th century witnessed a shift in the valley’s economic landscape as settlers recognized the potential for big game hunting. This led to the development of lodging and services catering to a new wave of tourists. Tourism gradually replaced cattle ranching as the primary economic driver of Jackson Hole. The designation of Yellowstone as the nation’s first national park further fueled the growth of tourism, attracting visitors eager to witness the region’s unparalleled natural beauty.
The momentum continued with the establishment of the Grand Teton National Monument in 1929. After years of debate regarding the incorporation of the Tetons into Yellowstone National Park, Congress ultimately decided to create a separate entity. In 1950, additional acreage was added, and Grand Teton National Park was officially established, solidifying the valley’s status as a premier destination for nature lovers.
Today, Grand Teton National Park encompasses the western half of Jackson Hole, encompassing the majestic mountain range that gives the park its name. Jackson Lake graces the northern part of the valley, while the town of Jackson anchors the southern end. The average elevation of the valley floor exceeds 6,500 feet, contributing to its unique climate and breathtaking scenery.
While the town of Jackson is often used interchangeably with the name of the valley, it is important to note that it is the only incorporated town within Jackson Hole. Other communities dotting the landscape include Wilson, Teton Village, Moran Junction, Hoback, Moose, and Kelly, each offering its own distinctive charm and contributing to the valley’s rich tapestry of communities.
Jackson Hole has evolved into one of the most sought-after destinations in the United States, attracting both outdoor enthusiasts and casual tourists alike. The valley boasts a unique culture that seamlessly blends its Western heritage with the amenities and attractions of a world-class resort. Visitors from across the globe are captivated by its unparalleled natural beauty and the wide range of outdoor activities available. These activities include skiing, snowboarding, wildlife viewing, hiking, rock climbing, horseback riding, mountain biking, fishing, kayaking, and much more, ensuring that there is something for everyone to enjoy in this remarkable corner of Wyoming.