Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico
The Santa Fe Trail, a vital artery of commerce and westward expansion in the 19th century, wasn’t a single, unwavering path. Instead, it presented travelers with choices, each with its own set of challenges and rewards. Among these options, the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico stands out as a testament to human resilience and the allure of opportunity. This route, carved through rugged terrain and offering a respite from the arid plains, played a crucial role in shaping the history of the American Southwest.
The Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico officially commenced near the Arkansas River Crossing, close to Dodge City, Kansas. However, rather than immediately fording the river and heading south, the Mountain Route guided caravans westward along the Arkansas River toward Bent’s Fort in present-day Colorado. This strategic detour was a significant divergence from the more direct Cimarron Cutoff. From Bent’s Fort, the trail then descended south into New Mexico, traversing some of the most demanding landscapes the region had to offer.
One of the primary reasons for choosing the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico was the reliable availability of water. Unlike the Cimarron Cutoff, notorious for its stretches of arid land and scarce water sources, the Mountain Route followed rivers and streams, providing essential sustenance for both people and livestock. This made it a more appealing option, especially during periods of drought when the Cimarron Cutoff became particularly treacherous. Furthermore, the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico was often considered safer from Native American raids compared to the Cimarron Cutoff, adding to its allure for cautious travelers and merchants.
The defining feature of the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico was undoubtedly Raton Pass. This formidable natural barrier presented a significant obstacle to westward-bound travelers. The ascent involved a grueling 3,000-foot elevation gain in a mere 32 miles as the trail snaked its way over the Raton Mountains. This steep climb exacted a heavy physical toll on both men and animals.
The process of crossing Raton Pass was often a multi-day ordeal, stretching to as long as five days for some wagon trains. Teams of oxen or mules strained to pull heavily laden wagons up the steep slopes, their progress measured in inches rather than miles. The thin air and relentless sun added to the challenges, testing the endurance of both humans and animals. Before Dick Wooton improved it, the trail was so narrow that it had to be propped up by long poles supported by the mountainside below and was quite dangerous. Many wagons, draft animals, and people were lost during the hazardous journey. Descending the other side of the pass was equally perilous, requiring careful maneuvering and constant vigilance to prevent accidents.
The story of Dick Wooton is inextricably linked to Raton Pass and the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico. In 1863, Wooton, recognizing the strategic importance of the pass, undertook the ambitious task of improving the trail and transforming it into a toll road. His efforts significantly eased the passage for travelers, making the Mountain Route a more viable option for large-scale commerce. By charging a toll for passage, Wooton not only recouped his investment but also established a lucrative business that contributed to the economic development of the region.
Beyond Raton Pass, the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico continued its southwestward course, passing through a series of small villages and significant landmarks. These settlements provided essential services and supplies to travelers, offering a welcome respite after the arduous journey over the mountains. The trail wound its way through diverse landscapes, from rolling hills to open plains, showcasing the natural beauty of northern New Mexico.
Several sites along the Mountain Branch offer a glimpse into the history of the Santa Fe Trail. Raton Pass itself stands as a powerful reminder of the challenges faced by early travelers. The town of Raton, near Willow Springs, served as a vital supply point and resting place. Clifton House, once a stage stop and trading post, offers insights into the daily lives of those who lived and worked along the trail. The vast Maxwell Ranch, associated with the influential Lucien Maxwell, played a significant role in the economic and social development of the region. Rayado, an early settlement established by Kit Carson, provides a glimpse into the frontier life of the 19th century. The Ocate Creek Crossing marks a significant point along the trail, where travelers forded the creek. Finally, Tiptonville, another important stop, offered services to weary travelers.
The Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico ultimately converged with the Cimarron Cutoff at Watrous, a strategic junction where the two routes merged before continuing onward to Santa Fe. This convergence underscored the importance of Watrous as a key transportation hub and a vital link in the Santa Fe Trail network. From Watrous, the combined trail followed a well-worn path south to Santa Fe, the final destination for countless merchants, traders, and adventurers.
The Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico, despite its challenges, offered distinct advantages that made it a preferred route for many travelers. Its reliable water sources and relative safety from Native American raids were significant factors, particularly during times of drought or heightened conflict. The legacy of the Mountain Route lives on in the historical sites and landmarks that dot the landscape of northern New Mexico, serving as a reminder of the pivotal role it played in the history of the American Southwest. As travelers traversed the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico, they witnessed the beauty and the challenges of the untamed wilderness, contributing to the rich tapestry of the American West.