The Old Mine Road in New Jersey – Legends of America

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The Old Mine Road in New Jersey – Legends of America

The Old Mine Road in New Jersey – Legends of America

The Old Mine Road, a historic byway winding through the landscapes of New Jersey, whispers tales of centuries past. It is reputed to be one of the oldest continuously used roads in the United States, the Old Mine Road once served as a vital link connecting the Hudson River in Kingston, New York, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Pahaquarry Mines in New Jersey. This 104-mile pathway is steeped in legends, with historical tradition attributing its construction to Dutch miners in the mid-1600s, who sought to transport copper ore.

A Road Shrouded in Mystery: Unraveling the Origins

The narrative surrounding the Old Mine Road is as winding as the road itself, filled with folklore and historical debates. While popular belief credits Dutch miners with its construction in the 17th century, many historians propose a later origin. The skepticism stems from the relatively small Dutch population during that era, questioning their capacity to undertake such a significant construction project through the wilderness. Furthermore, archaeological evidence supporting Dutch encampments in the area during the 17th century remains elusive.

Instead, historians suggest that mining activities in the region commenced around the 1750s, a century later than previously believed. This revised timeline places the road’s construction in the mid-18th century, aligning with the increased mining operations in the area.

The Pahaquarry Copper Mine: A Source of Ambition and Disappointment

The Pahaquarry mine site, the road’s namesake, experienced three brief periods of operation. The earliest endeavor took place in the mid-18th century when John Reading, Jr., and his partners acquired land along the Mine Brook in early Walpack Township, bordering the Delaware River. Reading, a prominent surveyor, land investor, member of the Provincial Council, and acting governor of the New Jersey colony in 1747 and from 1757 to 1758, had high hopes for the mine. Unfortunately, the mine proved unprofitable, leading to the cessation of operations. Subsequent attempts were made by the Alleghany Mining Company in 1847, but the poor quality of the ore resulted in another short-lived venture. The last attempt to revive the mine occurred in the early 20th century, but it too met with disappointment.

From Wilderness Trails to Colonial Byways: The Road’s Evolution

Regardless of its exact construction date, the Old Mine Road played a crucial role in the region’s development. Dutch settlement began along its course in the late 17th century, gradually expanding throughout the area, starting near Port Jervis, New York, then New Jersey. According to historical accounts, the first settlement was established after a blacksmith purchased land from the Lenape Indians. Later, the English acquired land in the area from the indigenous population, further shaping the region’s cultural landscape.

As the road was blazed, it likely followed the path of ancient Indian trails, reflecting the region’s rich history. Paleo Indians inhabited the area as early as 10,500 BC, followed by the Lenape (Delaware) tribe, who had resided there for thousands of years. These indigenous groups had established trails for hunting and fishing, which later served as the foundation for the Old Mine Road. The road traversed the Kittatinny Mountain northwest of Blairstown and followed the eastern side of the Delaware River, deliberately avoiding the treacherous Delaware Gap.

A Strategic Artery: Fortified Houses and Wartime Defense

During the French and Indian War in the mid-18th century, the Old Mine Road transformed into a strategic artery, with eight fortified houses erected along the Delaware River, stretching from Phillipsburg, New Jersey, to Port Jervis, New York. These fortified dwellings, spaced approximately eight miles apart, provided refuge and protection for settlers during times of conflict. The first fort was located near Belvidere, New Jersey, followed by Isaac Van Campen’s house near Walpack, New Jersey, serving as crucial defense posts along the frontier.

A Living Legacy: Preserving History in the Delaware Water Gap

Today, the centuries-old Old Mine Road, named in honor of the Pahaquarry mines, weaves together sections of various roads, forming the main passage through the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in New Jersey. Preserving much of its character from a century ago, the road has become a popular destination for scenic drives and invigorating bike rides.

In its northern stretch, the road roughly parallels the Delaware and Hudson Canal, while in its southern section, it follows the Delaware River, traversing the western edge of Sussex County and the northern part of Warren County in northwestern New Jersey. In New York, much of the road has been modernized, widened, and incorporated into US 209, stretching from Kingston to Port Jervis.

Within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in New Jersey, the Old Mine Road extends for 40 miles, remaining largely undeveloped. Historic sites along the road proudly showcase the area’s Dutch colonial heritage, preserving homes, farms, and churches that stand as testaments to the past.

A Preservation Saga: Overcoming Obstacles and Embracing the Past

In the 1950s, a significant portion of the Old Mine Road district faced condemnation, with many structures razed in anticipation of a Delaware River dam project. However, the Corps of Engineers determined that the area was unsuitable for large-scale projects, halting the dam’s construction. Despite the cancellation, the demolition of numerous structures had already left an indelible mark on the landscape.

While forests have reclaimed many former farm fields, the remaining villages retain their 19th-century charm, and several historic buildings still stand proudly along the Old Mine Road. Visitors can explore the original unpaved roadbed at Fort Carmer, the Van Campen Inn, and the Hamilton Ridge Trail near Millbrook, retracing the steps of Dutch farmers, colonial Americans, and soldiers from the French & Indian and Revolutionary Wars.

Treasures Along the Old Mine Road: Historic Sites and Enduring Landmarks

The Old Mine Road is dotted with several historical sites that provide glimpses into the past:

  • Old Mine Road Historic District: Encompassing 26 miles of the Old Mine Road, also known as County Route 521, Delaware Mine Road, and Old Mine and the River Road, this district is located in Sussex and Warren Counties of New Jersey. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the 687-acre district showcases Early Republic, Late Victorian, and Early Colonial Dutch architecture, with 24 buildings and five contributing sites.

  • Pahaquarry Copper Mine: The Coppermine Trail leads visitors past the foundation of the Pahaquarry Copper Mine processing mill and mineshafts. This abandoned copper mine, located on the west side of Kittatinny Mountain in Warren County, New Jersey, once served as a Boy Scout Camp after its closure.

  • Delaware View House: This Greek Revival farmhouse, constructed around 1837, evolved into the Flatbrook Hotel in 1892 with the addition of a multi-story structure. Samuel Garris purchased the property in 1904, transforming it into a hunting lodge known as the Delaware View House. Later, it served as a boarding house and the Flatbrookville Hotel. In 1926, the building became Salamovka, a resort for Russian émigrés. Today, it serves as a general store for park visitors.

  • Walpack Center: This authentic country village began in 1850 when Isaac and Jasper Rundle established the first general store. Today, the Walpack Historical Society operates a museum in the First Rosenkrans House during summer weekends.

  • Peters Valley (Bevans Village): Peter Van Ness settled in this area in the late 18th century, and the hamlet bears his name. In the late 20th century, the village transformed into the Peters Valley School of Craft. Self-guided tours are available during summer weekends, and visitors can explore the Craft Store and Gallery for more information.

  • Millbrook Village: Founded in 1832, Millbrook reached its peak in 1875 with 75 inhabitants and approximately 19 buildings. Today, a handful of original buildings remain, along with relocated or newly constructed structures that depict village life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Several buildings are open during summer weekends.

  • Bevans-Hellwig Kitchen: This small stone building, once the rear kitchen of a large farmhouse, is believed to have served as Fort Cramer, a fortification during the French and Indian War.

  • Alonzo Depue House: Like other historic homes along the Old Mine Road, the Alonzo Depue House offers a glimpse into the past, showcasing the landscape of 100 years ago, with open fields, river views, and farm outbuildings.

  • Namanock: The site of Fort Namanock during the French and Indian War (1754-1763), where a sturdy stone house with wooden defensive fences once stood.

  • Westbrook Bell House: Constructed around 1701 by Johannis Westbrook, this is the oldest structure in the recreation area.

  • Nelden-Roberts Stonehouse: Attributed to George Nelden, who acquired the property in 1816, this small house now houses a museum operated by the Montague Association for the Restoration of Community History during summer weekends.

  • Van Campen Inn: This colonial home served as a refuge for travelers and sheltered 150 people during the French and Indian War. The Walpack Historical Society offers house tours on Sundays during the summer.

  • Minisink Dutch Reformed Church: Dating back to 1737, this is the oldest congregation in the county. The present structure was built in 1899, and the cemetery contains tombstones dating to 1805.

  • Foster-Armstrong House: Operated as a tavern and inn for river travelers, this house reflects the standard of living of a prosperous family in the early 19th century. The Montague Association for the Restoration of Community History offers tours during summer weekends and other events.

  • Montague Grange: Founded in 1904, the local Montague Grange advocates for rural America and agriculture. The Grange Hall, built in 1906, remains active and continues to serve the community.

The Old Mine Road is partially closed during the winter months but comes alive in the spring, summer, and fall, offering a captivating journey through history and nature. As you traverse this rural road through Worthington State Forest, you’ll encounter fascinating sites and immerse yourself in the rich heritage of this remarkable byway.

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