Gallup, New Mexico – Indian Center of the Southwest
Gallup, New Mexico, a city steeped in history and vibrant culture, proudly bears the title "Indian Center of the Southwest." Its story is a tapestry woven with threads of ancient civilizations, railroad expansion, and the allure of the Mother Road, Route 66. From its earliest inhabitants to its modern-day role as a hub for Native American art and culture, Gallup offers a unique glimpse into the heart of the American Southwest.
The narrative of Gallup, New Mexico, begins long before the arrival of European settlers. Archaeological evidence suggests that the area’s history stretches back to 2500 BC, with the presence of the Ancient Puebloans in nearby Canyon de Chelly. These early inhabitants, ancestors of today’s Pueblo people, developed a sophisticated society characterized by intricate architecture, advanced agricultural techniques, and a complex network of trade routes. The magnificent ruins of Canyon de Chelly stand as a testament to their ingenuity and resilience.
As the Ancient Puebloan population grew, so did the region’s importance as a center of trade and cultural exchange. When Spanish conquistadors arrived in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, they encountered a thriving Native American culture. Although the Spanish were searching for the mythical "Seven Cities of Gold," they found something equally valuable: a network of well-established settlements with impressive building techniques, intricate crafts, and sustainable farming practices. These settlements were interconnected by a system of roads that facilitated trade and communication throughout the region.
The modern history of Gallup, New Mexico, took shape in the late 19th century with the westward expansion of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. In 1880, the railroad began laying tracks through the area, establishing a small company headquarters. David Gallup, the railroad paymaster, played a pivotal role in the town’s formation. As workers collected their pay, they would say they were "going to Gallup," and the name stuck.
The town was officially named in honor of David Gallup in 1881, coinciding with the completion of the railroad tracks through the area. Incorporated in 1891, Gallup quickly developed a local government. A decade later, in 1901, it became the county seat of McKinley County, solidifying its position as a regional center. The railroad brought new opportunities and settlers to the area, transforming it from a remote outpost into a bustling frontier town.
In its early days, Gallup, New Mexico, mirrored the typical image of a western frontier town, albeit a relatively peaceful one. It featured saloons, false-front stores, wooden sidewalks, and a main street that ran parallel to the railroad tracks, now known as Main Street and Route 66. While there were occasional minor conflicts with Native Americans, the presence of soldiers from nearby Fort Wingate helped maintain order. For a time, most citizens carried firearms until a law in 1896 restricted the practice.
During the first half of the 20th century, Gallup’s economy was primarily driven by the abundant coal mines in the region. In fact, it was briefly known as "Carbon City." The town’s initial population consisted largely of workers seeking employment in the mines and on the railroad, drawn by the promise of opportunity in the burgeoning western town.
The arrival of Route 66 in 1926 marked a turning point for Gallup, New Mexico. The iconic highway, also known as the "Mother Road," brought a surge of travelers, leading to the construction of numerous motels and service businesses along Main Street. However, the most prominent businesses were the many Indian Trading Posts that showcased Native American arts and crafts to the passing tourists. These trading posts became a defining feature of Gallup, solidifying its reputation as a center for Native American culture. Many of these vintage trading posts, along with galleries, gift shops, old motels, and restaurants, still line historic Route 66 in Gallup today, offering a glimpse into the town’s rich past.
A significant landmark in Gallup’s history is the El Rancho Hotel, which opened its doors on December 17, 1937. Built by the brother of movie mogul D.W. Griffith, the hotel quickly became a favorite destination for Hollywood stars and a popular stop for tourists traveling on Route 66. During its golden age, the El Rancho Hotel hosted legendary figures such as Ronald Reagan, Spencer Tracy, Katherine Hepburn, and Kirk Douglas. Today, visitors can still experience the Old West charm of this historic hotel, which is listed on the National Historic Register.
Today, with a population of around 20,000, Gallup is a unique blend of thriving commerce and rich Native American traditions. The city’s 110 trading posts, galleries, and shops showcase a diverse range of authentic arts and crafts, reflecting the unique blend of Native American and Hispanic cultures. The numerous trading posts, shops, and galleries have solidified Gallup’s reputation as the undisputed Southwestern center for original Native American art. Main Street, which is also Route 66, and Coal Avenue, located one block south, are the primary locations for the majority of gallery and trading post activity. For the best experience, it is recommended to park and explore the area on foot.
Of particular interest is the former Rex Hotel, which dates back to around 1900 and is located at 300 West Route 66. The building now houses the Rex Museum, offering insights into Gallup’s history. Another notable landmark is the McKinley County Courthouse (1938) at 201 West Hill, which showcases the Pueblo Revival architectural style. The El Morro Theater, located at 207 West Coal, is an excellent example of the decorative Spanish Colonial Revival style and hosts the annual Gallup Film Festival.
Another "must-see" attraction is the Gallup Cultural Center, situated in the historic restored railroad station on Route 66. This center, a project of the Southwest Indian Foundation, features the Ceremonial Gallery, the Storyteller Museum, a Visitor Center, and the Kiva Cinema. During the summer months, nightly Indian dances are performed at the Cultural Center, providing visitors with a captivating cultural experience.
Several other noteworthy establishments are located at the eastern edge of town, just off I-40 at the Rehoboth business loop. The strategic location of Gallup, New Mexico, makes it an ideal base for exploring the surrounding region. The Zuni, Acoma, Laguna, Navajo, and Hopi pueblos, as well as the ancient Puebloan ruins in Chaco Canyon and Canyon de Chelly, are all within a two-hour drive. This proximity to numerous cultural and historical sites further enhances Gallup’s appeal as a destination for those interested in the history and culture of the American Southwest.
In conclusion, Gallup, New Mexico, is more than just a stop along Route 66; it is a living testament to the rich history and cultural diversity of the American Southwest. From its ancient roots to its modern-day role as a center for Native American art, Gallup offers a unique and unforgettable experience for all who visit. Its vibrant trading posts, historic landmarks, and proximity to numerous cultural sites make it a must-see destination for anyone interested in exploring the heart of the Indian Southwest.