Fort Seldon, New Mexico
Nestled along the banks of the Rio Grande, near present-day Radium Springs, New Mexico, stands the historical site of Fort Seldon. Established in 1865, this military outpost played a crucial role in the tumultuous era of westward expansion, serving as a beacon of protection and a symbol of federal authority in the often-unforgiving Mesilla Valley. Its origins, construction, daily life, and eventual abandonment paint a vivid picture of the challenges and triumphs of the American West.
The impetus for the creation of Fort Seldon, New Mexico, stemmed from the escalating tensions between settlers, travelers, and the indigenous populations, particularly the Apache, coupled with the ever-present threat of outlaws and bandits. The Mesilla Valley, a fertile and strategic region, attracted a steady stream of pioneers seeking new opportunities, but this influx inevitably led to conflict over land and resources. Recognizing the need for a strong military presence, the United States government ordered troops from Albuquerque to establish a fort that could maintain order and safeguard the lives and livelihoods of the valley’s inhabitants.
The construction of Fort Seldon, New Mexico, began in April 1865, with soldiers and civilian workers undertaking the arduous task of transforming the arid landscape into a functional military installation. Utilizing the readily available adobe, they erected a series of flat-roofed, one-story buildings designed to accommodate two companies: one of infantry and another of cavalry. These structures served as barracks, providing basic living quarters for the soldiers stationed at the fort. An Administration Building was also constructed, serving as the central hub for command and administrative functions. Water, a precious commodity in the desert environment, was hauled from the Rio Grande and stored in large barrels, ensuring a vital supply for the fort’s inhabitants.
Beyond the main fort complex, the commander of Fort Seldon, New Mexico, strategically established several picket posts to extend the reach of the military’s influence and provide early warnings of potential threats. One such post was located at Aleman Station, situated midway on the perilous Jornada del Muerto route between Las Cruces and San Marcial. This small outpost, manned by ten troops of the Third Cavalry, not only provided security along this treacherous stretch of road but also served as a stage station, post office, and, later, a telegraph office, facilitating communication and transportation across the region.
Another crucial picket post was established at San Augustine Pass, a natural gap in the San Andres Mountains located between Las Cruces and White Sands. This pass was notorious for livestock theft and violent encounters, earning it a reputation as one of the most dangerous locations in the area. As the commander noted in 1869, "The San Augustine Pass is regarded by all as the most dangerous place in this section of New Mexico." The presence of soldiers at this strategic point served as a deterrent to criminal activity and provided a measure of security for travelers passing through the mountains.
Life at Fort Seldon, New Mexico, was a blend of routine and hardship. The soldiers faced the challenges of a harsh environment, monotonous chores, and limited recreational opportunities. The nearest town, Leasburg, was a haven for saloons, brothels, and violence, and was consequently placed off-limits to the soldiers. Desertion was a persistent problem, particularly after pay cuts in 1870, as soldiers grew disillusioned with the demanding conditions and lack of diversions.
Despite these challenges, the soldiers of Fort Seldon played a vital role in maintaining peace and order in the Mesilla Valley. Among those who served at the fort were the Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th Cavalry and the 21st, 38th, and 125th Infantry. These African American troops, renowned for their bravery and discipline, were highly respected by both settlers and Native Americans. They were seen as particularly effective in dealing with hostile encounters and were less prone to desertion than their white counterparts, making them a valuable asset to the military presence in the region.
The strategic importance of Fort Seldon, New Mexico, gradually diminished with the expansion of Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas, in 1882. As Fort Bliss grew in size and capacity, it became better positioned to handle the military needs of the region. By 1888, the last full company of troops had departed Fort Seldon, marking a significant turning point in its history. Two years later, in February 1890, the fort was officially turned over to the Interior Department. A small detachment remained at the post as caretakers until January 1891, when they were finally withdrawn, and the property was sold into private hands.
The story of Fort Seldon did not end with its abandonment. In 1974, the site was recognized for its historical significance and declared a New Mexico State Monument. Today, visitors can explore the numerous ruins of the fort’s buildings, gaining a tangible connection to the past. The Visitor’s Center offers a wealth of information about life at the fort, with exhibits showcasing 19th-century military weapons, uniforms, archaeological artifacts, and rare photographs of the U.S. Army in the West. Living history demonstrations are occasionally offered on summer weekends, bringing the past to life and providing a glimpse into the daily routines and challenges faced by the soldiers who once called Fort Seldon home.
The legacy of Fort Seldon extends beyond its physical remains. It stands as a testament to the complex and often-conflicting forces that shaped the American West. It embodies the story of westward expansion, the interaction between settlers and Native Americans, the role of the military in maintaining order, and the lives of the soldiers, including the Buffalo Soldiers, who served on the frontier. A visit to Fort Seldon, New Mexico, offers a unique opportunity to step back in time and experience the history of this important site firsthand. It serves as a reminder of the sacrifices and struggles that shaped the landscape and the culture of New Mexico and the American West. Its preservation ensures that the stories of those who lived and served there will continue to be told for generations to come.