Stephen Kearny – Father of the U.S. Cavalry
General Stephen Watts Kearny, a name synonymous with the westward expansion of the United States and the evolution of its military, stands as one of the most influential frontier officers in the history of the U.S. Army. His legacy is etched in the annals of military history, primarily for his pivotal role in the Mexican-American War, particularly the conquest of California. However, his contributions extend far beyond the battlefield, encompassing exploration, diplomacy, and the very establishment of a formidable fighting force: the U.S. Cavalry. This article delves into the life and career of Stephen Kearny, exploring the experiences that shaped him and the impact he had on the American West.
Stephen Watts Kearny’s journey began in Newark, New Jersey, on August 30, 1794. After dedicating two years to higher education, Kearny embarked on a path that would define his life, joining the New York Militia. This marked the commencement of a distinguished 36-year military career. The majority of his service was spent traversing the vast and untamed western frontier. His duties were multifaceted, encompassing exploration of uncharted territories, meticulous mapping of the landscape, diplomatic visits to various Native American tribes, and maintaining peace amidst the escalating tensions of westward expansion.
His military career was not solely defined by frontier duties. Stephen Kearny actively participated in the War of 1812, serving with distinction as a First Lieutenant. Following this conflict, he was assigned to the western frontier, a region that would become his lifelong domain. In 1819, he joined an expedition tasked with exploring the Yellowstone River, venturing into the territories that would eventually become Montana and Wyoming. Throughout these extensive travels, Kearny diligently documented his experiences in detailed journals, offering invaluable insights into the geography, the Native American cultures, and the challenges of life on the frontier. These journals serve as a primary source for understanding the early American West and Stephen Kearny‘s perspectives on it.
In 1826, a significant milestone in Kearny’s career occurred when he was appointed as the first commander of the newly established Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, Missouri. This posting not only solidified his position within the military hierarchy but also brought personal happiness. During his time in St. Louis, Kearny met Mary Radford, the stepdaughter of William Clark, a legendary figure from the Corps of Discovery Expedition led by Lewis and Clark. Their courtship blossomed into marriage, uniting two families deeply connected to the exploration and development of the American West. Stephen and Mary Kearny went on to have eleven children, although tragically, six of them passed away during childhood.
The year 1833 marked a turning point in Kearny’s career and a pivotal moment in the evolution of the U.S. military. He was appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the newly organized 1st Dragoon Regiment. This regiment, under his leadership, would eventually evolve into the U.S. Cavalry, earning him the well-deserved title of "Father of the United States Cavalry." Stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, the regiment played a crucial role in maintaining order and protecting settlers in the burgeoning West. Stephen Kearny instilled in his troops a sense of discipline, professionalism, and adaptability that would become hallmarks of the U.S. Cavalry.
As the Westward Migration gained momentum in the early 1840s, with emigrants embarking on the arduous journey along the Oregon Trail, Kearny recognized the vulnerability of these travelers to Native American attacks. Demonstrating his commitment to protecting American citizens and fostering peaceful relations, he frequently ordered his men to escort emigrant trains across the vast plains. This practice, initiated by Kearny, would become a standard procedure for the military for years to come, providing crucial security and support to those venturing into the unknown. The actions of Stephen Kearny and his dragoons played a significant role in facilitating the Westward Expansion.
The outbreak of the Mexican-American War in 1846 presented Kearny with a new challenge and an opportunity to further demonstrate his military prowess. Promoted to Brigadier General, he was entrusted with leading a force of approximately 2,500 men to Santa Fe, New Mexico. However, instead of resorting to brute force, Kearny skillfully employed diplomacy, engaging in negotiations and demonstrating a commitment to peaceful resolution. His efforts proved successful, as he marched unopposed into Santa Fe in August 1846. Upon taking control of the city, Kearny established a civil government, promising a democratic administration for the New Mexico Territory. He was then appointed Commander of the Army of the West, a force comprised of around 1,600 soldiers.
Leaving New Mexico, Stephen Kearny set his sights on California in the latter part of 1846. There, he faced a more formidable challenge, engaging in battles with Mexican Californians to reclaim the province. His military acumen and strategic planning led to significant victories at San Gabriel and Mesa in early January 1847, effectively ending organized resistance in the region. These victories were crucial in securing California for the United States.
However, the path to establishing American control in California was not without its internal conflicts. A dispute arose between Kearny and Lieutenant Colonel John C. Fremont, who was acting as the civil governor. Fremont refused to recognize Kearny’s authority to organize a new territorial government, leading to a tense standoff. The situation was ultimately resolved by Washington, D.C., which confirmed Kearny’s authority. Fremont was subsequently arrested for mutiny, disobedience, and improper conduct. Kearny proceeded to establish the civil government before returning to Fort Leavenworth in August 1847, accompanied by Fremont, who was to face trial. Fremont was found guilty, but President Polk commuted his sentence, and he was eventually reinstated.
By this time, Stephen Kearny had been promoted to Brevet-Major General, a testament to his distinguished service and leadership. He was ordered to Mexico and appointed civil governor at Veracruz and later Mexico City. However, his time in Mexico was cut short when he contracted yellow fever while stationed in Veracruz. The illness forced his return home to St. Louis, Missouri, where he succumbed to the disease on October 31, 1848.
Stephen Watts Kearny was laid to rest in Bellefontaine Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark in St. Louis. His legacy endures as a testament to his dedication, leadership, and contributions to the expansion and development of the United States. From his early days on the frontier to his pivotal role in the Mexican-American War, Kearny’s life was a story of service, exploration, and unwavering commitment to his country. His legacy as the "Father of the U.S. Cavalry" is secure, and his contributions to the American West remain a vital part of the nation’s history.