Rolla, Missouri – The Middle of Everywhere
Nestled in the heart of the Missouri Ozarks, approximately equidistant between the bustling metropolis of St. Louis and the vibrant city of Springfield, lies Rolla, Missouri. This unassuming town, the county seat of Phelps County, boasts a rich tapestry of history, natural beauty, and a strategic location that has earned it the apt moniker: "The Middle of Everywhere." From its humble beginnings as a frontier settlement to its pivotal role in the Civil War and its enduring connection to the iconic Route 66, Rolla offers a compelling glimpse into the American heartland.
The story of Rolla begins in the early 19th century with the arrival of pioneering farmers who sought fertile land along the riverbanks. These hardy individuals, driven by the promise of agricultural prosperity and the allure of mineral wealth, laid the foundation for the community that would eventually blossom. While the formal establishment of the town was still years away, the construction of the first house in 1844 by John Webber marked a significant milestone, signaling the dawn of a new era for this promising region.
A pivotal moment in Rolla’s development arrived with the westward expansion of the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, commonly known as the "Frisco." In 1855, the railroad company established an office and several warehouses, triggering a surge in population as nearly 600 individuals flocked to the area within a mere six months, eager to capitalize on the economic opportunities that the railroad promised. The following year, Lieutenant James Abert, who had led the initial railroad survey, became the first professor of Civil Engineering at the Missouri School of Mines. This event underscores the integral relationship between the city’s development and the growth of the region.
The year 1857 marked a turning point in Rolla’s history as it was officially designated the county seat of Phelps County. Recognizing the growing importance of the settlement, local leaders formally laid out the town in 1858. The name "Rolla" itself is a testament to the town’s early settlers and their desire to honor their roots. According to local lore, one of the original settlers, hailing from North Carolina, proposed the name "Raleigh" after his hometown. However, other settlers, perhaps with a touch of playful skepticism, agreed to the suggestion on the condition that the name not be spelled in such a "funny" way. Thus, "Rolla" was chosen, ensuring a unique and memorable identity for the burgeoning community.
The arrival of the first train in Rolla on December 22, 1860, solidified the town’s strategic importance. The city became the railroad’s terminus and a vital transportation hub. This progress, however, was soon overshadowed by the outbreak of the Civil War. The conflict brought significant changes to the town.
As the nation plunged into civil war, Rolla found itself thrust into the center of the conflict. The town’s strategic location along the railroad made it a crucial prize for both the Union and Confederate forces. Despite the Confederate sympathies held by many area residents, Union forces seized control of Rolla in June 1861. During their occupation, the Union army constructed two minor forts, Fort Wyman and Fort Dette, as well as Camps Glover and Davies, to secure their position and protect the vital transportation lines. The town soon swelled with as many as 20,000 Union troops, transforming it into a major supply depot. Supplies were shipped from the east, then loaded onto wagons destined for the western front, solidifying Rolla’s role as a vital link in the Union war effort.
The post-Civil War era brought a renewed focus on education and economic development to Rolla. Recognizing the region’s abundant mineral resources and the growing need for skilled engineers and metallurgists, the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy was established in 1870. This institution, now known as the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T), has played a pivotal role in shaping Rolla’s identity as a center for scientific innovation and technological advancement. Today, the university offers degrees in a wide range of engineering and science fields, including mining and metallurgy, continuing its legacy of excellence in technical education.
In the early 20th century, Rolla experienced another transformative period with the advent of the automobile and the rise of Route 66. Prior to the construction of the iconic highway, travelers relied on Route 14, a treacherous gravel road that was often impassable in inclement weather. The construction of the concrete slab for Route 66 in 1928 was a cause for celebration, marking a significant improvement in transportation and connectivity for the region. Due to the challenging terrain, the stretch from Rolla to Lebanon was the last section to be paved in Missouri.
With the completion of Route 66, Rolla transformed into a popular tourist destination. Motels, tourist cabins, trading posts, and fishing camps sprouted up along the highway, catering to the growing number of travelers seeking adventure and leisure. The city further enhanced its appeal by paving the city streets that connected with the highway, creating a welcoming and accessible environment for visitors.
Today, Rolla is a thriving community of approximately 20,400 residents, maintaining its reputation as a haven for outdoor enthusiasts and history buffs alike. Its proximity to the Current and Jack’s Fork Rivers, the vast Ozark forests, and a wealth of caves, springs, and bluffs make it an ideal destination for those seeking natural beauty and recreational opportunities. The town also preserves its rich heritage through its historical buildings and vintage glimpses of old Route 66, offering visitors a captivating journey through time.
Visitors to Rolla can explore a variety of historical landmarks and attractions that showcase the town’s unique character. The John A. Dillon Log House, built in 1857, served as the first Phelps County Courthouse and now houses the Phelps County Museum, offering a glimpse into the region’s early history. Across the street stands the second Phelps County Courthouse, built in 1859, which played a vital role as a hospital and supply storage facility during the Civil War.
For those seeking a nostalgic journey along Route 66, the Mule Trading Post, located on the east side of town, and the Totem Pole Trading Post, opened in 1933 on the west end, offer a taste of the Mother Road’s golden age. These vintage establishments provide a glimpse into the era of cross-country travel, offering gas, novelties, and antiques to modern-day adventurers.
For a unique and unexpected attraction, visitors can explore Rolla Stonehenge, a partial reconstruction of the ancient megalith built by students at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. This quirky landmark provides a fascinating blend of ancient history and modern engineering, showcasing the innovative spirit of the community.
Continuing westward along the historic Route 66, travelers can embark on a scenic drive through several small settlements and resorts that were bypassed by Interstate 44 many years ago. Along this stretch of the Mother Road, remnants of John’s Modern Cabins, built in 1935, the ghost town of Arlington, the Stony Dell Resort, and Larry Baggett’s Tribute to the Trail of Tears offer a glimpse into the past.
From its humble beginnings as a frontier settlement to its pivotal role in the Civil War and its enduring connection to Route 66, Rolla, Missouri, embodies the spirit of the American heartland. Its strategic location, rich history, and natural beauty make it a compelling destination for travelers seeking an authentic and memorable experience. Whether you’re exploring historical landmarks, embarking on outdoor adventures, or simply soaking in the charm of a small-town America, Rolla offers a warm welcome and a wealth of discoveries.