The Yavapai – Fierce Warriors of the Colorado River
The Yavapai, often referred to historically as Apache Mohave or Mohave Apache, represent a distinct and resilient group within the broader context of Native American tribes. This designation, meaning "hostile or warlike Mohave," hints at the Yavapai’s reputation and interactions with neighboring groups. Belonging to the Yuman language family and frequently associated with the Apache due to shared history and geographic proximity, the Yavapai carved out a territory and identity uniquely their own in the rugged landscapes of Arizona. Their story is one of adaptation, conflict, and ultimately, survival in the face of immense pressure.
Before the forced relocation to the Rio Verde Agency in May of 1873, the Yavapai homeland encompassed the verdant Rio Verde Valley and extended north to the imposing Black Mesa. Their dominion stretched from the life-giving Salt River all the way to the Bill Williams Mountains in western Arizona. At that time, their population was estimated to be around 1,000 individuals, a testament to their ability to thrive in a challenging environment. Historical accounts suggest that their earlier range extended much further west, reaching the banks of the mighty Colorado River. However, the Yavapai primarily identified as an interior tribe, establishing their settlements south of Bill Williams Fork and reaching as far as the Castle Dome Mountains, overlooking the Gila River.
The historical record offers glimpses into the physical characteristics of the Yavapai. Observers of the time noted the men were typically tall, possessing an erect posture, well-defined muscles, and harmonious proportions. The women were described as stouter in build but considered more attractive than their Yuma counterparts, suggesting distinct physical traits that set them apart.
In the spring of 1875, a significant shift occurred in the Yavapai‘s trajectory when they were placed under the jurisdiction of the San Carlos Apache Agency. By the following year, their numbers had dwindled to 618, reflecting the impact of conflict, disease, and forced displacement. This period marked a turning point, as the Yavapai were increasingly subjected to the policies and pressures of the U.S. government’s assimilation efforts.
Around the year 1900, a notable trend emerged as many members of the tribe gradually left the confines of the San Carlos Reservation. Driven by a desire to return to their ancestral lands and reclaim their traditional way of life, they resettled in their former territory along the Rio Verde. This included the abandoned Camp McDowell Military Reservation, which was officially assigned for their use on November 27, 1901. By 1903, estimates placed their population between 500 and 600 individuals, though it is important to note that this figure likely included members of other tribes, such as the Yuma and Apache, further complicating the demographic picture. These Yavapai were scattered in small bands across the region, from Camp McDowell to the headwaters of the Rio Verde, reflecting the fragmented nature of their community in the wake of displacement and hardship.
An Executive Order issued on September 15, 1903, officially designated the old reservation for the Yavapai‘s use, providing a semblance of security and recognition. However, the early 20th century brought new challenges in the form of disease. Tuberculosis, in particular, ravaged the population, leading to a significant number of deaths and further diminishing their numbers. By 1906, official reports indicated that there were 465 "Mohave Apache" residing at Camp McDowell and in the Upper Verde Valley, while another 55 were living at San Carlos, bringing the total to 520.
Today, the legacy of the Yavapai endures through the existence of three distinct federally recognized tribes, each with its own reservation within Arizona. These tribal entities represent the culmination of centuries of history, resilience, and cultural preservation. They stand as symbols of the Yavapai people’s determination to maintain their identity and sovereignty in the face of ongoing challenges.
The Yavapai-Prescott Tribe is situated near Prescott, Arizona, on a reservation encompassing approximately 1,500 acres. Established specifically for the Yavapai in 1935, the initial land allocation consisted of a mere 75 acres of the former Fort Whipple Military Reserve in central Arizona. This small plot of land served as the foundation for the modern Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe, which continues to uphold and celebrate the ancient culture of its ancestors. The tribe is actively engaged in pursuing economic independence through a diverse range of tribal enterprises, including a resort and two casinos, which contribute to the well-being and self-sufficiency of its members. Today, the Yavapai-Prescott Tribe numbers around 160 individuals, who are committed to preserving their heritage and building a prosperous future.
Contact Information:
Yavapai-Prescott Tribe
530 E. Merritt
Prescott, Arizona 86301
928-445-8790
The Yavapai-Apache Nation is a unique entity that brings together two distinct tribal peoples: the Yavapai and the Apache. The Yavapai refer to themselves as the Wipuhk’a’bah, while the Apache identify as the Dil’zhe’e. Both tribes have deep roots in the Verde Valley and its surrounding areas, having inhabited the region for centuries. Historically, the Dil’zhe’e primarily resided east of the Verde River, while the Yavapai occupied the lands to the west. The Yavapai-Apache Nation leverages revenues generated from its tribally owned enterprises, including a casino, to support vital economic, educational, and social programs for its tribal members.
The Yavapai-Apache Nation’s reservation comprises four distinct tribal communities: Camp Verde, which serves as its tribal headquarters; Clarkdale; Middle Verde; and Rimrock. These communities are spread across more than 1,600 acres throughout the Verde Valley, representing a diverse and vibrant cultural landscape.
Contact Information:
Yavapai-Apache Nation
2400 W. Datsi St.
Camp Verde, Arizona 86322
928-567-3649
The Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation is located within Maricopa County, approximately 23 miles northeast of Phoenix. Established through an Executive Order on September 15, 1903, the 40-square-mile reservation serves as home to approximately 600 community members, with another 300 residing off-reservation.
The reservation is situated within the ancestral territory of the once-nomadic Yavapai people, a testament to their historical connection to the land. Today, the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation takes immense pride in its community and has fostered a strong and stable society and economy through perseverance and diligent effort. This economic foundation includes a casino and resort, which contribute to the overall prosperity and self-sufficiency of the tribe.
Contact Information:
Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
P.O. Box 17779
Fountain Hills, Arizona 85269
480-789-7000