William Wheeler – U.S. Deputy Marshal in Montana
William Fletcher Wheeler’s life story is a compelling narrative of ambition, service, and dedication to the burgeoning American West. He was a man of many talents: a lawyer, a soldier, and, most notably, a U.S. Marshal in the rugged Montana Territory. His contributions extended beyond law enforcement, shaping the cultural and historical landscape of the region.
Born into humble beginnings, William Wheeler‘s journey took him from the printing presses of Ohio to the battlefields of the Civil War and ultimately to the vast, untamed expanses of Montana. His story reflects the spirit of the 19th century, a time of expansion, conflict, and the forging of a new national identity.
William Wheeler, the son of a Methodist minister, entered the world on July 6, 1824, in Warwick, New York. His upbringing was characterized by frequent moves, a common experience for families following the call of the ministry in the expanding nation. Despite the transient nature of his early life, Wheeler received a solid education, laying the foundation for his future pursuits.
In 1843, at the age of nineteen, William Wheeler began an apprenticeship at the Ohio Statesman, working as a printer and reporter under the tutelage of Samuel Medary. This experience proved formative, providing him with practical skills and an understanding of the power of the press. While diligently fulfilling his duties at the newspaper, Wheeler also pursued his passion for law, dedicating his spare time to studying the legal principles that would shape his career. In 1848, his hard work and dedication culminated in his admission to the bar, marking the beginning of his legal career.
The mid-1850s saw William Wheeler venture westward, joining the burgeoning community of St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1856. His skills and ambition quickly propelled him into public service. In 1857, he accepted an appointment as Territorial Librarian and private secretary to Samuel Medary, his former mentor, who had by then become the Territorial Governor of Minnesota. Wheeler continued in this dual role under Governor Sibley, the first state governor after Minnesota’s transition to statehood. Governor Sibley recognized Wheeler’s military aptitude and commissioned him as a Lieutenant Colonel of the First Minnesota Voluntary Infantry in 1858, foreshadowing his future role in the Civil War. Beyond his political and military activities, William Wheeler demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit. In the spring of 1860, he spearheaded the planning and establishment of the first telegraph line in Minnesota, connecting the region to the rapidly expanding national communication network. He also played a key role in incorporating a rail line from Duluth to St. Paul, a vital infrastructure project that promised to boost economic growth and connect the Great Lakes region.
When the Civil War erupted, William Wheeler answered the call to arms. He played a crucial role in raising a company of volunteers, who became part of the Fourth Minnesota Regiment stationed at Fort Snelling. The regiment was soon thrust into the heart of the conflict, and Wheeler saw action in key battles at Corinth and Iuka, Mississippi, as well as the pivotal Vicksburg campaign. These battles were brutal tests of endurance and courage, and Wheeler demonstrated his leadership and commitment to the Union cause. However, the rigors of war took a toll on his health. During the advance toward Chattanooga, Tennessee, Wheeler contracted a severe illness, forcing him to seek a discharge in the spring of 1864. Despite his early departure from the war, his service reflected his unwavering dedication to his country.
The election of Ulysses S. Grant to the presidency in 1869 marked a new chapter in William Wheeler‘s life. Grant, recognizing Wheeler’s capabilities and loyalty, appointed him United States Marshal of Montana Territory on May 15, 1869, succeeding Neil Howie. This appointment placed Wheeler at the forefront of law enforcement in one of the most challenging and dynamic regions of the American West.
As U.S. Marshal, William Wheeler faced a multitude of responsibilities. In 1870, he authored an extensive account of the Piegan War, providing valuable insights into the conflict between the U.S. government and the Piegan Blackfeet tribe. He was also tasked with coordinating the U.S. Census in Montana, a crucial undertaking for understanding the population and resources of the territory. In 1871, Marshal Wheeler received an additional assignment: Superintendent of the United States Penitentiary at Deer Lodge. This was a particularly demanding duty, as the prison had to be constructed from the ground up. Wheeler oversaw the entire process, from planning and design to construction and staffing. His commitment to establishing a secure and functional penitentiary demonstrated his dedication to maintaining law and order in Montana Territory. William Wheeler served as Montana U.S. Marshal until 1878, when he was replaced by Alexander C. Botkin. His tenure was marked by his tireless efforts to uphold the law, manage complex projects, and contribute to the development of Montana’s institutions.
Beyond his official duties, William Wheeler played a significant role in shaping the cultural landscape of Montana. Recognizing the importance of preserving the territory’s history, he collaborated with other early settlers to establish the Montana Historical Society. In 1884, when the society became a state institution, Wheeler was appointed its librarian, a position he held until his death. In this role, he dedicated himself to collecting the reminiscences of early pioneers and writing their biographies, ensuring that their stories and experiences would be preserved for future generations. He also served as the Crier of the United States District Court at Helena. William Wheeler died at his home in Helena on June 24, 1894, succumbing to heart and lung trouble that developed from pneumonia. His death marked the end of a remarkable life dedicated to public service, historical preservation, and the development of the American West.
William Fletcher Wheeler’s legacy extends far beyond his accomplishments as a lawman. He was a multifaceted individual whose contributions helped shape the character and identity of Montana. His dedication to preserving the territory’s history, his commitment to public service, and his entrepreneurial spirit serve as an inspiration to those who seek to build and strengthen their communities. His life is a testament to the enduring spirit of the American West.